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The Merry Pranksters were cohorts and followers of American author Ken Kesey in 1964.

Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters lived communally at Kesey's homes in California and Oregon, and are noted for the sociological significance of a lengthy road trip they took in the summer of 1964, traveling across the United States in a psychedelic painted school bus called Furthur or Further, organizing parties and giving out LSD.^[1] During this time they met many of the guiding lights of the mid-1960s cultural movement and presaged what are commonly thought of as hippies with odd behavior, tie-dyed and red, white and blue clothing, and renunciation of normal society, which they dubbed The Establishment. Tom Wolfe chronicled their early escapades in The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test; Wolfe also documents a notorious 1966 trip on Further from Mexico through Houston, stopping to visit Kesey's friend, novelist Larry McMurtry. Kesey was in flight from a drug charge at the time.^[2]Notable members of the group include Kesey's best friend Ken Babbs, Carolyn 'Mountain Girl' Garcia, Lee Quarnstrom, and Neal Cassady. Stewart Brand, Dorothy Fadiman,^[3]Paul Foster, Dale Kesey (his cousin), George Walker, the Warlocks (now known as the Grateful Dead), Del Close (then a lighting designer for the Grateful Dead), Wavy Gravy, Paul Krassner, and Kentucky Fab Five writers Ed McClanahan and Gurney Norman (who overlapped with Kesey and Babbs as creative writing graduate students at Stanford University) were associated with the group to varying degrees.^{[citation needed]}

These events are also documented by one of the original pranksters, Lee Quarnstrom, in his memoir, When I Was a Dynamiter.

• 2Membership

Origin of name[edit]

In an interview on BBC World Service in August 2014,^[4]Ken Babbs suggested that the name 'The Merry Pranksters' was his idea:

Kesey and George Walker and I were out wandering around and the rest of the gang were sitting around a fire in Kesey's house in La Honda, and when we came back it was dark and Mike Hagen called out 'Halt! Who goes there?'

And just out of the blue I said, 'Tis I, the intrepid traveller, come to lead his merry band of pranksters across the nation, in the reverse order of the pioneers! And our motto will be 'the obliteration of the entire nation' ... not taken literally of course, we won't blow up their buildings, we'll blow their minds!

Membership[edit]

On the bus[edit]

Although a great many friends and associates spent time with Kesey at his La Honda, California ranch in the Santa Cruz Mountains south of San Francisco, the core group of 14 people who became the 'Merry Band of Pranksters' that drove across the country in 1964 were:^[5][6]

• Ken Kesey (The Chief, Captain Flag, or Swashbuckler), author (1935-2001)
• Neal Cassady (Speed Limit), driver (eastbound), author (1926-1968)
• Cathy Casamo (Stark Naked or Beauty Witch), actress, girlfriend of Larry Hankin^[7]
• Ron Bevirt (Hassler), photographer (1939-)
• Ken Babbs (Intrepid Traveler), author, boyfriend of Paula Sundsten (1939-)
• John Babbs (Sometimes Missing), Ken Babbs' older brother (1937-2012)
• Jane Burton (Generally Famished), Stanford philosophy professor, pregnant at the time^[8]
• Sandy Lehmann-Haupt (Dis-Mount), sound engineer (1942-2001)
• Paula Sundsten (Gretchen Fetchin or Slime Queen), girlfriend of Ken Babbs
• Mike Hagen (Mal Function), cameraman
• George Walker (Hardly Visible)^[9][10]
• Steve Lambrecht (Zonker), businessman (1942-1998)^[11]
• Chuck Kesey (Brother Charlie), Ken's brother
• Dale Kesey (Highly Charged), Ken's cousin, 'bus chaplain'^[12]
• Linda Breen (Anonymous) The 14 year old runaway who hopped on in Canada during the original trip

Off the bus[edit]

Other on-again, off-again Pranksters—who did not participate in the first cross-country journey (but may have the later trips) -- include but are not limited to:^[13][14]

• Roy Sebern, artist (painted the name 'Furthur' [sic] on the bus)
• Carolyn Adams Garcia (Mountain Girl), wife of Jerry Garcia and George Walker, mother of Ken Kesey's daughter Sunshine (1946-)^[15]
• Chloe Scott, dancer (1925-)^[16][17]
• John Page Browning (Zea-Lot or Cadaverous Cowboy), light show operator (1938-1984)^[18][19][20]
• Gordon 'Dass' Adams, Mountain Girl's brother (1940-)^[21]
• Anthony Dean Wells (The Hermit)^[22]
• Denise Kaufman (Mary Microgram), musician with The Ace of Cups^[23]
• Ron Boise, sculptor (1931-1966)^[24]
• Paul Foster, cartoonist (1934-2003)
• Peter Demma, co-owner of Hip Pocket Bookstore with Kesey^[25]
• Norman Hartweg, columnist (1947-)^[26]
• Dorothy Fadiman, filmmaker (1939-)
• Kathy (Zonker's girlfriend) (aka Sensuous X)
• June (aka June the Goon)
• Margie Piaggio (Marge the Barge)^[27]
• Stewart Brand, author and futurist (1938-)
• Del Close, comedian and performance coach (1934-1999)
• Wavy Gravy, entertainer and activist (1936-)
• Paul Krassner, author (1932-)
• Lee Quarnstrom, author (1939-)
• Ed McClanahan (Captain Kentucky), author (1932-)
• Gurney Norman, author (1937-)
• Robert Stone, author; met the bus in New York City (1937-2015)

Eastward bus journey[edit]

On June 17, 1964, Kesey and 13 Merry Pranksters boarded Furthur at Kesey's ranch in La Honda, California, and set off eastward. Kesey wanted to see what would happen when hallucinogenic-inspired spontaneity confronted what he saw as the banality and conformity of American society. Ken Babbs has suggested that the bus trip reversed the historic American westward movement.^[28]

The trip's original purpose was to celebrate the publication of Kesey's novel Sometimes a Great Notion (1964) and to visit the 1964 World's Fair in New York City. The Pranksters were enthusiastic users of marijuana, amphetamines, and LSD, and in the process of their journey are said to have 'turned on' many people by introducing them to these drugs.^[29]

The psychedelically painted bus's stated destination — 'further' — was the Merry Pranksters' goal: a destination that could be reached only through the expansion of one's own perception of reality.^[29]

Novelist Robert Stone, who met the bus on its arrival in New York, wrote in his memoir Prime Green: Remembering the Sixties (2007) that those accompanying Kesey on the trip were Neal Cassady (described by Stone as 'the world's greatest driver, who could roll a joint while backing a 1937 Packard onto the lip of the Grand Canyon'), Ken Babbs ('fresh from the Nam, full of radio nomenclature, and with a command voice that put cops to flight'), Jane Burton ('a pregnant young philosophy professor who declined no challenges'), George Walker, Sandy Lehmann-Haupt (dis-MOUNT), Mike Hagen (Mal Function), Ron Bevirt (Hassler), Chuck Kesey, Dale Kesey, John Babbs, Steve Lambrecht and Paula Sundstren (aka Gretchin Fetchin, Slime Queen).^[30]

Zane Kesey and Simon Babbs edited the video and audio clips made by the Pranksters on the trip to produce a DVD (1999) called simply The Acid Test, which is distributed by Key-z Productions.

Hells Angels[edit]

Kesey and the Pranksters also had a relationship with the outlaw motorcycle gang the Hells Angels, whom Kesey introduced to LSD. The details of their relationship are documented in Wolfe's above-mentioned book, in Hunter S. Thompson's book, Hell's Angels: The Strange and Terrible Saga of the Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs (1966), and in Allen Ginsberg's poem about the Kesey/Angels relationship, titled 'First Party at Ken Kesey's with Hell's Angels' (December 1965).^[31]

Later events[edit]

In 1969, Further and the Pranksters (minus Kesey) attended the Woodstock rock festival. In the same year, they attended the Texas Pop Festival at Lewisville, Texas.^[32]

Kesey's Demon Box (1986), a collection of short pieces, several about the Merry Pranksters, was a critical success.^[33] A subsequent novel, Sailor Song (1992),^[34] was not, with critics complaining it was too spacey for comprehension.^{[citation needed]} In 1994, Kesey toured with the Pranksters, performing Twister: A Ritual Reality in Three Quarters Plus Overtime if Necessary, a play he wrote in 1989 about the millennium, influenced by L. Frank Baum's Wizard of Oz works.

The Merry Pranksters filmed and audiotaped much of what they did on their bus trips. Some of this material has surfaced in documentaries, including the BBC's Dancing In the Street.^[35] Some Pranksters have released footage on their own, and a version of the film edited by Kesey is available through his son Zane's website.^[36] On August 14, 1997, Kesey appeared with the Merry Pranksters at a Phish concert during a performance of the song 'Colonel Forbin's Ascent' from the album The Man Who Stepped Into Yesterday (1987).Kesey and the Pranksters also helped stage The Enit Festival, held at the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium on November 22, 1997, with Jane's Addiction, Funky Tekno Tribe, Goldie, and Res Fest rounding out the bill.

The original Prankster bus is at Kesey's farm in Oregon. In November 2005, it was pulled out of the swamp by Zane Kesey and family and a group of the original Merry Pranksters with the intent of restoring it.^[37][38] The Smithsonian Institution sought to acquire the bus, which is no longer operable, but Kesey refused, and attempted, unsuccessfully, to prank the Smithsonian by passing off a phony bus.^[39]

Kesey died of complications due to liver cancer in November 2001. Ken Babbs attempts to keep the Prankster spirit alive through his Skypilot Club website, a spoof of 1950s comic book clubs that encourages psychedelic ideals and 'mind-expanding' experiences, particularly through immersion in love.^[40]

On December 10, 2003, Babbs hosted a memorial to Kesey with String Cheese Incident and various other old and new Pranksters. It was held at the McDonald Theatre in Eugene, Oregon. The proceeds helped to raise money for the Ken Kesey Memorial sculpture designed by Peter Helzer. The bronze sculpture depicted a life-size Kesey reading to three children while seated on a curved granite bench covered with quotations from Kesey's novels One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1962) and Sometimes a Great Notion (1964). (Pulitzer Prize-winning photographer Brian Lanker supplied the image.) Other benefactors for the project include Bob Weir, Paul Newman (who starred in the 1971 film adaptation of Sometimes a Great Notion) and Michael Douglas (who produced the 1975 film version of One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest).

In 2005, Zane Kesey asked a friend, Matthew Rick, also known as Shady Backflash, to put on a 40th anniversary of his father's Acid Tests. Matthew gathered a small group of promoters, including Rob Robinson from New York, to help him produce the event, which was held in Las Vegas on October 31, 2005. It was known as AT40. Zane has hosted several Acid Test parties since then, including the 2011 Pop Quiz AT in Oakland CA.

2011 documentary[edit]

Alex Gibney and Alison Ellwood directed a documentary filmMagic Trip (2011) about the Merry Pranksters, which was released on August 5, 2011.

50th Anniversary Trip[edit]

In April 2014, Zane, along with friend Derek Stevens, announced a Kickstarter to fund a 50th anniversary Furthur Bus Trip, offering donors a chance to ride Further. The fundraiser was successful, and the trip took place between June and September 2014.^[41] Over 100 participants were invited to ride on legs of the trip as a new batch of Merry Pranksters. The 2014 journey was over 15,000 miles, 53 different events, took place in 29 different states and was 75 days of Merry Prankster mayhem and fun on the road. A group of filmmakers from Canada are producing a documentary about the project slated for release in 2016 under the title Going Furthur.^[42]

References[edit]

1. ^'Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters'. Univie.ac.at. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
2. ^Anderson, Kurt (2011-08-12). 'Ken Kesey's Magic Trip and Extreme Tango'. Studio 360. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
3. ^The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test. p. 5.|access-date= requires |url= (help)
4. ^'LSD Road Trip'. BBC World Service. 2017-07-28. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
5. ^'Cathryn Marie Casamo'. www.cathryncasamo.com. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
6. ^'Merry Pranksters | History'. Furthurdowntheroad.org. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
7. ^'Cathryn Marie Casamo'. Cathryncasamo.com. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
8. ^Frank Collins (2011-11-27). 'MAGIC TRIP - Ken Kesey's Search for a Kool Place / Blu-Ray Review'. Cathode Ray Tube. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
9. ^'Pamplin Media Group - Pamplin Media Group'. Portlandtribune.com. 2014-02-07. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
10. ^'Merry Prankster George Walker December 4th 2015 Felton, California'. YouTube. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
11. ^'Google Groups'. Groups.google.com. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
12. ^The Further Inquiry, page 133
13. ^Colin Pringle. 'Who's Who of the Haight-Ashbury Era'. Wild-bohemian.com. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
14. ^Johnson, Jason (2010-09-10). 'Furthur and Furthur | Oregon Life | Eugene, Oregon'. Projects.registerguard.com. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
15. ^Brian Robbins (2012-11-19). 'Mountain Girl And The Magic Trip : A Conversation With Carolyn Garcia'. Brian-robbins.com. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
16. ^'Dancing queen (May 27, 2005)'. Paloaltoonline.com. 2005-05-27. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
17. ^Brundage, Sandy (2013-07-09). 'Fate of Merry Prankster tree in limbo as neighbors rally | News | Almanac Online |'. Almanacnews.com. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
18. ^'Google Groups'. Groups.google.com. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
19. ^'John Page Browning (1938 - 1984) - Find A Grave Memorial'. Findagrave.com. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
20. ^'tHrouGh The Looking Glass - The Merry Pranksters'. Pooterland.com. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
21. ^'She Never Got Off The Bus'. SFGate. 1997-05-25. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
22. ^'Editorial & News Images: News Photography, Pictures, Awards, Events, Sports, Celebrity Photos | Getty Images'. Corbisimages.com. 2016-05-02. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
23. ^'Ace of Cups'. www.lysergia.com. Archived from the original on 2008-11-21.
24. ^'BoiseLifeWorks'. Boiselifeworks.info. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
25. ^'Peter Demma'. www.ralph-abraham.org.
26. ^'Bohemian 24, Why Norman's Still on the Bus'. Dabelly.com. Retrieved 2017-07-28.
27. ^'Zero, Northwest Florida: 11/11/2007 - 11/18/2007'. robertoreg.blogspot.com.
28. ^Cavallo, Dominick (1999). A Fiction of the Past: The Sixties in American History. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 110–11. ISBN0-312-21930-X.
29. ^ ^abStudio 360: Episode #1232
30. ^Stone, Robert (2007). Prime Green: Remembering the Sixties. HarperCollins. p. 120.
31. ^Ginsberg, Allen (1988). Collected Poems 1947-1980. Harper Perennial Library Edition. p. 374.
32. ^'Texas Pop Festival'. About.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-28.
33. ^Kesey, Ken (1987). Demon box. New York, NY: Penguin Books. ISBN9780140085303. OCLC15016784.
34. ^Kesey, Ken (1993). Sailor Song. Penguin Books. ISBN9780140139976.
35. ^'Dancing In the Street'. IMDb. 1995.
36. ^Kesey, Zane (Producer) (2011). Magic Trip: Ken Kesey's Search for a Kool Place.
37. ^'Ken Kesey's original magic bus being restored'. MSNBC. January 20, 2006. Retrieved July 15, 2012.
38. ^Barnard, Jeff (9 January 2006). 'Kesey's bus on magic road to resurrection (Associated Press)'. The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 24 May 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
39. ^'Kesey's Merry Prank: Bus Isn't The Original -- Smithsonian Says It Doesn't Want '47 Model | Seattle Times Newspaper'. community.seattletimes.nwsource.com.
40. ^'Further'. www.skypilotclub.com.
41. ^'Furthur Bus 50th Anniversary 'Trip''. Kickstarter. April 28, 2014.
42. ^'The Film - Going Furthur'. Going Furthur.

External links[edit]

• Psychedelic 60s: Ken Kesey & the Merry Pranksters at University of Virginia library

The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test is a nonfiction book by Tom Wolfe that was published in 1968. The book is remembered today as an early – and arguably the most popular – example of the growing literary style called New Journalism. Wolfe presents an as-if-firsthand account of the experiences of Ken Kesey and his band of Merry Pranksters, who traveled across the country in a colorfully painted school bus, the destination of which was always Furthur, as indicated on its sign, but also exemplified by the general ethos of the Pranksters themselves.^[2] Kesey and the Pranksters became famous for their use of LSD and other psychedelic drugs in hopes of achieving intersubjectivity. The book chronicles the Acid Tests (parties in which LSD-laced Kool-Aid was used to obtain a communal trip), the group's encounters with (in)famous figures of the time, including famous authors, Hells Angels, and The Grateful Dead, and it also describes Kesey's exile to Mexico and his arrests.

Plot[edit]

Tom Wolfe chronicles the adventures of Ken Kesey and his group of followers. Throughout the work, Kesey is portrayed as someone starting a new religion. Due to the allure of the transcendent states achievable through drugs and because of Kesey's ability to preach and captivate listeners, he begins to form a band of close followers. They call themselves the 'Merry Pranksters' and begin to participate in the drug-fueled lifestyle. Starting at Kesey's house in the woods of La Honda, California, the early predecessors of acid tests were performed. These tests or mass usage of LSD were performed with lights and noise, which was meant to enhance the psychedelic experience.

The Pranksters eventually leave the confines of Kesey's estate. Kesey buys a bus in which they plan to cross the country. It is driven by the legendary Neal Cassady, the person upon whom Dean Moriarty character in Jack Kerouac's On the Road was based. They paint it colorfully and name it Furthur. They traverse the nation, tripping on acid throughout the journey. As the Pranksters grow in popularity, Kesey's reputation grows as well. By the middle of the book, Kesey is idolized as the hero of a growing counterculture. He starts friendships with groups like Hells Angels and their voyages lead them to cross paths with icons of the Beat Generation. Kesey's popularity grows to the point that permits the Pranksters to entertain other significant members of a then growing counterculture. The Pranksters meet The Grateful Dead, Allen Ginsberg and attempt to meet with Timothy Leary. The failed meeting with Leary leads to great disappointment. A meeting between Leary and Kesey would mark the meeting of East and West. Leary was on the East Coast, and Kesey represented the West Coast.

In an effort to broadcast their lifestyle, the Pranksters publicise their acid experiences and the term Acid Test comes to life. The Acid Tests are parties where everyone takes LSD (which was often put into the Kool-Aid they served) and abandon the realities of the mundane world in search of a state of 'intersubjectivity.' Just as the Acid Tests are catching on, Kesey is arrested for possession of marijuana. In an effort to avoid jail, he flees to Mexico and is joined by the Pranksters. The Pranksters struggle in Mexico and are unable to obtain the same results from their acid trips.

Kesey and some of the Pranksters return to the United States. At this point, Kesey becomes a full blown pop culture icon as he appears on TV and radio shows, even as he is wanted by the FBI. Eventually, he is located and arrested. Kesey is conditionally released as he convinces the judge that the next step of his movement is an 'Acid Test Graduation', an event in which the Pranksters and other followers will attempt to achieve intersubjectivity without the use of mind-altering drugs. The graduation was not effective enough to clear the charges from Kesey's name. He is given two sentences for two separate offenses. He is designated to a work camp to fulfill his sentence. He moves his wife and children to Oregon and begins serving his time in the forests of California.

Cultural significance and reception[edit]

Electric Kool Aid Acid Tests

The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test is remembered as an accurate and 'essential' book depicting the roots and growth of the hippie movement.^[3]

The use of New Journalism yielded two primary responses, amazement or disagreement. While The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test was not the original standard for New Journalism, it is the work most often cited as an example for the revolutionary style. Wolfe's descriptions and accounts of Kesey's travel managed to captivate readers and permitted them to read the book as a fiction piece rather than a news story. Those who saw the book as a literary work worthy of praise were amazed by the way Wolfe maintains control.^[4] Despite being fully engulfed in the movement and aligned with the Prankster's philosophy, Wolfe manages to distinguish between the realities of the Pranksters and Kesey's experiences and the experiences triggered by their paranoia and acid trips.^[4] Wolfe is in some key ways different from the Pranksters, because despite his appreciation for the spiritual experiences offered by the psychedelic, he also accepts the importance of the physical world. The Pranksters see their trips as a breach of their physical worlds and realities. Throughout the book Wolfe focuses on placing the Pranksters and Kesey within the context of their environment. Where the Pranksters see ideas, Wolfe sees Real-World objects.^[5]

While some saw New Journalism as the future of literature, the concept was not without critics and criticism. There were many who challenged the believability of the style and there were many questions and criticisms about whether accounts were true.^[6] Wolfe however challenged such claims and notes that in books like The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, he was nearly invisible throughout the narrative. He argues that he produced an uninhibited account of the events he witnessed.^[7] As proponents of fiction and orthodox nonfiction continued to question the validity of New Journalism, Wolfe stood by the growing discipline. Wolfe realized that this method of writing transformed the subjects of newspapers and articles into people with whom audiences could relate and sympathize.^[7]

The New York Times considered the book one of the great books of its time; it described the book as not only a great book about hippies, but the 'essential book'.^[3] The review continued to explore the dramatic impacts of Wolfe's telling of Kesey's story. Wolfe's book exposed counterculture norms that would soon spread across the country. The review notes that while Kesey received acclaim for his literary bomb, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, he was, for the most part, not a visible icon. His experiments and drug use were known within small circles, the Pranksters for example. Tom Wolfe's accounts of Kesey and the Pranksters brought their ideologies and drug use to the mainstream.^[3] A separate review maintained that Wolfe's book was as vital to the hippie movement as The Armies of the Night was to the anti-Vietnam movement.^[8]

The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test received praise from some outlets. Others were not as open to its effects. A review in The Harvard Crimson identified the effects of the book, but did so without offering praise.^[9][10] The review, written by Jay Cantor, who went on to literary prominence himself, provides a more moderate description of Kesey and his Pranksters. Cantor challenges Wolfe's messiah-like depiction of Kesey, concluding that 'In the end the Christ-like robes Wolfe fashioned for Kesey are much too large. We are left with another acid-head and a bunch of kooky kids who did a few krazy things.' Cantor explains how Kesey was offered the opportunity by a judge to speak to the masses and curb the use of LSD. Kesey, who Wolfe idolizes for starting the movement, is left powerless in his opportunity to alter the movement. Cantor is also critical of Wolfe's praise for the rampant abuse of LSD. Cantor admits the impact of Kesey in this scenario, stating that the drug was in fact widespread by 1969, when he wrote his criticism.^[9][10] He questions the glorification of such drug use however, challenging the ethical attributes of reliance on such a drug, and further asserts that 'LSD is no respecter of persons, of individuality'.^[9][10]

Asked in 1989 by Terry Gross on Fresh Air what he thought of the book, Kesey replied, “It’s a good book. yeah, he’s a--Wolfe’s a genius. He did a lot of that stuff, he was only around three weeks. He picked up that amount of dialogue and verisimilitude without tape recorder, without taking notes to any extent. He just watches very carefully and remembers. But, you know, he’s got his own editorial filter there. And so what he’s coming up with is part of me, but it’s not all of me. . . .”^[11]

Electric Kool Aid Acid Test Pdf Download Free

References[edit]

1. ^Weingarten, Marc (September 3, 2005). 'The genesis of gonzo'. The Guardian. Retrieved July 24, 2018.
2. ^Reynolds, Stanley (2014-05-02). 'Acid adventures - review of The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test: From the archive, 2 May 1969'. The Guardian. ISSN0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-09-11.
3. ^ ^abcFremont, 'Books of the Times.'
4. ^ ^abBredahl, 'An Exploration of Power: Tom Wolfe's Acid Test.'. 83.
5. ^Bredahl, An Exploration of Power: Tom Wolfe's Acid Test. 84.
6. ^Scura, Conversations With Tom Wolfe, 178.
7. ^ ^abScura, Conversations With Tom Wolfe, 132.
8. ^Bryan. 'The Pump House Gang and The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test'.
9. ^ ^abcCantor, 'The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test'.
10. ^ ^abc'The Electric Kool' Aid Acid Test | News | The Harvard Crimson'. www.thecrimson.com. Retrieved 2017-03-31.
11. ^Conversations with Ken Kesey, ed. Scott F. Parker (University Press of Mississippi, 2014), 110.

External links[edit]